Struct gtk4::Expression

pub struct Expression(_);

Expression provides a way to describe references to values.

An important aspect of expressions is that the value can be obtained from a source that is several steps away. For example, an expression may describe ‘the value of property A of object1, which is itself the value of a property of object2’. And object1 may not even exist yet at the time that the expression is created. This is contrast to GObject property bindings, which can only create direct connections between the properties of two objects that must both exist for the duration of the binding.

An expression needs to be “evaluated” to obtain the value that it currently refers to. An evaluation always happens in the context of a current object called this (it mirrors the behavior of object-oriented languages), which may or may not influence the result of the evaluation. Use evaluate() for evaluating an expression.

Various methods for defining expressions exist, from simple constants via ConstantExpression::new() to looking up properties in a GObject (even recursively) via PropertyExpression::new() or providing custom functions to transform and combine expressions via ClosureExpression::new().

Here is an example of a complex expression:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

  color_expr = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_LIST_ITEM,
                                            NULL, "item");
  expression = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_COLOR,
                                            color_expr, "name");

when evaluated with this being a ListItem, it will obtain the “item” property from the ListItem, and then obtain the “name” property from the resulting object (which is assumed to be of type GTK_TYPE_COLOR).

A more concise way to describe this would be

  this->item->name

The most likely place where you will encounter expressions is in the context of list models and list widgets using them. For example, DropDown is evaluating a Expression to obtain strings from the items in its model that it can then use to match against the contents of its search entry. StringFilter is using a Expression for similar reasons.

By default, expressions are not paying attention to changes and evaluation is just a snapshot of the current state at a given time. To get informed about changes, an expression needs to be “watched” via a ExpressionWatch, which will cause a callback to be called whenever the value of the expression may have changed; watch() starts watching an expression, and ExpressionWatch::unwatch() stops.

Watches can be created for automatically updating the property of an object, similar to GObject’s GBinding mechanism, by using bind().

GtkExpression in GObject properties

In order to use a Expression as a GObject property, you must use the gtk_param_spec_expression when creating a GParamSpec to install in the GObject class being defined; for instance:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

obj_props[PROP_EXPRESSION] =
  gtk_param_spec_expression ("expression",
                             "Expression",
                             "The expression used by the widget",
                             G_PARAM_READWRITE |
                             G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS |
                             G_PARAM_EXPLICIT_NOTIFY);

When implementing the GObjectClass.set_property and GObjectClass.get_property virtual functions, you must use gtk_value_get_expression, to retrieve the stored Expression from the GValue container, and gtk_value_set_expression, to store the Expression into the GValue; for instance:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

  // in set_property()...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    foo_widget_set_expression (foo, gtk_value_get_expression (value));
    break;

  // in get_property()...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    gtk_value_set_expression (value, foo->expression);
    break;

GtkExpression in .ui files

Builder has support for creating expressions. The syntax here can be used where a Expression object is needed like in a <property> tag for an expression property, or in a <binding> tag to bind a property to an expression.

To create an property expression, use the <lookup> element. It can have a type attribute to specify the object type, and a name attribute to specify the property to look up. The content of <lookup> can either be an element specfiying the expression to use the object, or a string that specifies the name of the object to use.

Example:

  <lookup name='search'>string_filter</lookup>

To create a constant expression, use the <constant> element. If the type attribute is specified, the element content is interpreted as a value of that type. Otherwise, it is assumed to be an object. For instance:

  <constant>string_filter</constant>
  <constant type='gchararray'>Hello, world</constant>

To create a closure expression, use the <closure> element. The type and function attributes specify what function to use for the closure, the content of the element contains the expressions for the parameters. For instance:

  <closure type='gchararray' function='combine_args_somehow'>
    <constant type='gchararray'>File size:</constant>
    <lookup type='GFile' name='size'>myfile</lookup>
  </closure>

This is an Abstract Base Class, you cannot instantiate it.

Implementations

impl Expression

pub fn downcast<E: IsExpression>(self) -> Result<E, Expression>

pub fn downcast_ref<E: IsExpression>(&self) -> Option<&E>

pub fn type_(&self) -> Type

pub fn value_type(&self) -> Type

Gets the GType that this expression evaluates to.

This type is constant and will not change over the lifetime of this expression.

Returns

The type returned from evaluate()

pub fn is_static(&self) -> bool

Checks if the expression is static.

A static expression will never change its result when evaluate() is called on it with the same arguments.

That means a call to watch() is not necessary because it will never trigger a notify.

Returns

TRUE if the expression is static

pub fn bind<T: IsA<Object>, U: IsA<Object>>(
    &self,
    target: &T,
    property_name: &str,
    this: Option<&U>
) -> ExpressionWatch

Bind target’s property named property to self.

The value that self evaluates to is set via g_object_set() on target. This is repeated whenever self changes to ensure that the object’s property stays synchronized with self.

If self’s evaluation fails, target’s property is not updated. You can ensure that this doesn’t happen by using a fallback expression.

Note that this function takes ownership of self. If you want to keep it around, you should Gtk::Expression::ref()`` it beforehand.

target

the target object to bind to

property

name of the property on target to bind to

this_

the this argument for the evaluation of self

Returns

a ExpressionWatch

pub fn evaluate<T: IsA<Object>>(&self, this: Option<&T>) -> Option<Value>

Evaluates the given expression and on success stores the result in value.

The GType of value will be the type given by value_type().

It is possible that expressions cannot be evaluated - for example when the expression references objects that have been destroyed or set to NULL. In that case value will remain empty and FALSE will be returned.

this_

the this argument for the evaluation

value

an empty GValue

Returns

TRUE if the expression could be evaluated

pub fn watch<T: IsA<Object>, F: Fn() + 'static>(
    &self,
    this: Option<&T>,
    notify: F
) -> ExpressionWatch

Watch the given expression for changes.

The notify function will be called whenever the evaluation of self may have changed.

GTK cannot guarantee that the evaluation did indeed change when the notify gets invoked, but it guarantees the opposite: When it did in fact change, the notify will be invoked.

this_

the this argument to watch

notify

callback to invoke when the expression changes

Returns

The newly installed watch. Note that the only reference held to the watch will be released when the watch is unwatched which can happen automatically, and not just via ExpressionWatch::unwatch(). You should call Gtk::ExpressionWatch::ref()`` if you want to keep the watch around.

Trait Implementations

impl AsRef<Expression> for ClosureExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Performs the conversion.

impl AsRef<Expression> for ConstantExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Performs the conversion.

impl AsRef<Expression> for ObjectExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Performs the conversion.

impl AsRef<Expression> for PropertyExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Performs the conversion.

impl Clone for Expression

fn clone(&self) -> Expression

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Expression

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'a> FromValue<'a> for Expression

type Checker = GenericValueTypeOrNoneChecker<Self>

Value type checker.

unsafe fn from_value(value: &'a Value) -> Self

Get the contained value from a Value.

impl Hash for Expression

fn hash<__H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut __H)

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H) where
    H: Hasher, 

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl Ord for Expression

fn cmp(&self, other: &Expression) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl PartialEq<Expression> for Expression

fn eq(&self, other: &Expression) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Expression) -> bool

This method tests for !=.

impl PartialOrd<Expression> for Expression

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Expression) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl StaticType for Expression

fn static_type() -> Type

Returns the type identifier of Self.

impl ToValue for Expression

fn to_value(&self) -> Value

Convert a value to a Value.

fn value_type(&self) -> Type

Returns the type identifer of self.

impl ToValueOptional for Expression

fn to_value_optional(s: Option<&Self>) -> Value

Convert an Option to a Value.

impl ValueType for Expression

type Type = Self

Type to get the Type from.

impl Eq for Expression

impl StructuralEq for Expression

impl StructuralPartialEq for Expression