Struct gtk4::Expression

pub struct Expression { /* private fields */ }

Expression provides a way to describe references to values.

An important aspect of expressions is that the value can be obtained from a source that is several steps away. For example, an expression may describe ‘the value of property A of object1, which is itself the value of a property of object2’. And object1 may not even exist yet at the time that the expression is created. This is contrast to GObject property bindings, which can only create direct connections between the properties of two objects that must both exist for the duration of the binding.

An expression needs to be “evaluated” to obtain the value that it currently refers to. An evaluation always happens in the context of a current object called this (it mirrors the behavior of object-oriented languages), which may or may not influence the result of the evaluation. Use evaluate() for evaluating an expression.

Various methods for defining expressions exist, from simple constants via ConstantExpression::new() to looking up properties in a GObject (even recursively) via PropertyExpression::new() or providing custom functions to transform and combine expressions via ClosureExpression::new().

Here is an example of a complex expression:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

  color_expr = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_LIST_ITEM,
                                            NULL, "item");
  expression = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_COLOR,
                                            color_expr, "name");

when evaluated with this being a ListItem, it will obtain the “item” property from the ListItem, and then obtain the “name” property from the resulting object (which is assumed to be of type GTK_TYPE_COLOR).

A more concise way to describe this would be

  this->item->name

The most likely place where you will encounter expressions is in the context of list models and list widgets using them. For example, DropDown is evaluating a Expression to obtain strings from the items in its model that it can then use to match against the contents of its search entry. StringFilter is using a Expression for similar reasons.

By default, expressions are not paying attention to changes and evaluation is just a snapshot of the current state at a given time. To get informed about changes, an expression needs to be “watched” via a ExpressionWatch, which will cause a callback to be called whenever the value of the expression may have changed; watch() starts watching an expression, and ExpressionWatch::unwatch() stops.

Watches can be created for automatically updating the property of an object, similar to GObject’s GBinding mechanism, by using bind().

GtkExpression in GObject properties

In order to use a Expression as a GObject property, you must use the param_spec_expression() when creating a GParamSpec to install in the GObject class being defined; for instance:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

obj_props[PROP_EXPRESSION] =
  gtk_param_spec_expression ("expression",
                             "Expression",
                             "The expression used by the widget",
                             G_PARAM_READWRITE |
                             G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS |
                             G_PARAM_EXPLICIT_NOTIFY);

When implementing the GObjectClass.set_property and GObjectClass.get_property virtual functions, you must use value_get_expression(), to retrieve the stored Expression from the GValue container, and value_set_expression(), to store the Expression into the GValue; for instance:

⚠️ The following code is in c ⚠️

  // in set_property()...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    foo_widget_set_expression (foo, gtk_value_get_expression (value));
    break;

  // in get_property()...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    gtk_value_set_expression (value, foo->expression);
    break;

GtkExpression in .ui files

Builder has support for creating expressions. The syntax here can be used where a Expression object is needed like in a <property> tag for an expression property, or in a <binding name="property"> tag to bind a property to an expression.

To create a property expression, use the <lookup> element. It can have a type attribute to specify the object type, and a name attribute to specify the property to look up. The content of <lookup> can either be an element specifying the expression to use the object, or a string that specifies the name of the object to use.

Example:

  <lookup name='search'>string_filter</lookup>

Since the <lookup> element creates an expression and its element content can itself be an expression, this means that <lookup> tags can also be nested. This is a common idiom when dealing with ListItems. See BuilderListItemFactory for an example of this technique.

To create a constant expression, use the <constant> element. If the type attribute is specified, the element content is interpreted as a value of that type. Otherwise, it is assumed to be an object. For instance:

  <constant>string_filter</constant>
  <constant type='gchararray'>Hello, world</constant>

To create a closure expression, use the <closure> element. The function attribute specifies what function to use for the closure, and the type attribute specifies its return type. The content of the element contains the expressions for the parameters. For instance:

  <closure type='gchararray' function='combine_args_somehow'>
    <constant type='gchararray'>File size:</constant>
    <lookup type='GFile' name='size'>myfile</lookup>
  </closure>

To create a property binding, use the <binding> element in place of where a <property> tag would ordinarily be used. The name and object attributes are supported. The name attribute is required, and pertains to the applicable property name. The object attribute is optional. If provided, it will use the specified object as the this object when the expression is evaluated. Here is an example in which the label property of a Label is bound to the string property of another arbitrary object:

  <object class='GtkLabel'>
    <binding name='label'>
      <lookup name='string'>some_other_object</lookup>
    </binding>
  </object>

This is an Abstract Base Class, you cannot instantiate it.

Implementations

impl Expression

pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut GtkExpression

Return the inner pointer to the underlying C value.

pub unsafe fn from_glib_ptr_borrow<'a>( ptr: *const *const GtkExpression ) -> &'a Self

Borrows the underlying C value.

impl Expression

pub const NONE: Option<&'static Expression> = None

pub fn bind( &self, target: &impl IsA<Object>, property: &str, this_: Option<&impl IsA<Object>> ) -> ExpressionWatch

Bind target’s property named property to self.

The value that self evaluates to is set via g_object_set() on target. This is repeated whenever self changes to ensure that the object’s property stays synchronized with self.

If self’s evaluation fails, target’s property is not updated. You can ensure that this doesn’t happen by using a fallback expression.

Note that this function takes ownership of self. If you want to keep it around, you should Gtk::Expression::ref() it beforehand.

target

the target object to bind to

property

name of the property on target to bind to

this_

the this argument for the evaluation of self

Returns

a ExpressionWatch

pub fn value_type(&self) -> Type

Gets the GType that this expression evaluates to.

This type is constant and will not change over the lifetime of this expression.

Returns

The type returned from evaluate()

pub fn is_static(&self) -> bool

Checks if the expression is static.

A static expression will never change its result when evaluate() is called on it with the same arguments.

That means a call to watch() is not necessary because it will never trigger a notify.

Returns

TRUE if the expression is static

pub fn watch<P: Fn() + 'static>( &self, this_: Option<&impl IsA<Object>>, notify: P ) -> ExpressionWatch

Watch the given expression for changes.

The @notify function will be called whenever the evaluation of self may have changed.

GTK cannot guarantee that the evaluation did indeed change when the @notify gets invoked, but it guarantees the opposite: When it did in fact change, the @notify will be invoked.

this_

the this argument to watch

notify

callback to invoke when the expression changes

Returns

The newly installed watch. Note that the only reference held to the watch will be released when the watch is unwatched which can happen automatically, and not just via ExpressionWatch::unwatch(). You should call Gtk::ExpressionWatch::ref() if you want to keep the watch around.

impl Expression

pub fn upcast(self) -> Self

pub fn upcast_ref(&self) -> &Self

pub fn is<E: IsExpression>(&self) -> bool

pub fn downcast<E: IsExpression>(self) -> Result<E, Expression>

pub fn downcast_ref<E: IsExpression>(&self) -> Option<&E>

pub fn type_(&self) -> Type

pub fn evaluate(&self, this: Option<&impl IsA<Object>>) -> Option<Value>

pub fn evaluate_as<V: for<'b> FromValue<'b> + 'static, T: IsA<Object>>( &self, this: Option<&T> ) -> Option<V>

Similar to Self::evaluate but panics if the value is of a different type.

pub fn chain_property<T: IsA<Object>>( &self, property_name: &str ) -> PropertyExpression

Create a PropertyExpression that looks up for property_name with self as parameter. This is useful in long chains of Expressions.

pub fn chain_closure<R>(&self, closure: RustClosure) -> ClosureExpression

where R: ValueType,

Create a ClosureExpression from a glib::Closure with self as the second parameter and R as the return type. The return type is checked at run-time and must always be specified. This is useful in long chains of Expressions when using the [glib::closure!] macro.

Note that the first parameter will always be the this object bound to the expression. If None is passed as this then the type of the first parameter must be Option<glib::Object> otherwise type checking will panic.

use glib::{closure, Object};
use gtk::{glib, prelude::*};

let button = gtk::Button::new();
button.set_label("Hello");
let label = button
    .property_expression("label")
    .chain_closure::<String>(closure!(|_: Option<Object>, label: &str| {
        format!("{} World", label)
    }))
    .evaluate_as::<String, _>(gtk::Widget::NONE);
assert_eq!(label.unwrap(), "Hello World");

pub fn chain_closure_with_callback<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> ClosureExpression

where F: Fn(&[Value]) -> R + 'static, R: ValueType,

Create a ClosureExpression with self as the second parameter. This is useful in long chains of Expressions.

Trait Implementations

impl AsRef<Expression> for ClosureExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<Expression> for ConstantExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<Expression> for ObjectExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl AsRef<Expression> for PropertyExpression

fn as_ref(&self) -> &Expression

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

impl Clone for Expression

fn clone(&self) -> Self

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Expression

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl From<Expression> for Value

fn from(e: Expression) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'a> FromValue<'a> for Expression

type Checker = GenericValueTypeOrNoneChecker<Expression>

Value type checker.

unsafe fn from_value(value: &'a Value) -> Self

Get the contained value from a Value.

impl HasParamSpec for Expression

type ParamSpec = ParamSpecExpression

type SetValue = Expression

Preferred value to be used as setter for the associated ParamSpec.

type BuilderFn = for<'a> fn(_: &'a str) -> ParamSpecExpressionBuilder<'a>

fn param_spec_builder() -> Self::BuilderFn

impl StaticType for Expression

fn static_type() -> Type

Returns the type identifier of Self.

impl ToValue for Expression

fn to_value(&self) -> Value

Convert a value to a Value.

fn value_type(&self) -> Type

Returns the type identifier of self.

impl ToValueOptional for Expression

fn to_value_optional(s: Option<&Self>) -> Value

Convert an Option to a Value.

impl ValueType for Expression

type Type = Expression

Type to get the Type from.