Struct gtk::Widget

source · []
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Widget { /* private fields */ }
Expand description

GtkWidget is the base class all widgets in GTK+ derive from. It manages the widget lifecycle, states and style.

Height-for-width Geometry Management # {geometry-management}

GTK+ uses a height-for-width (and width-for-height) geometry management system. Height-for-width means that a widget can change how much vertical space it needs, depending on the amount of horizontal space that it is given (and similar for width-for-height). The most common example is a label that reflows to fill up the available width, wraps to fewer lines, and therefore needs less height.

Height-for-width geometry management is implemented in GTK+ by way of five virtual methods:

  • GtkWidgetClass.get_request_mode()
  • GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width()
  • GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height()
  • GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_for_width()
  • GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width_for_height()
  • GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_and_baseline_for_width()

There are some important things to keep in mind when implementing height-for-width and when using it in container implementations.

The geometry management system will query a widget hierarchy in only one orientation at a time. When widgets are initially queried for their minimum sizes it is generally done in two initial passes in the SizeRequestMode chosen by the toplevel.

For example, when queried in the normal SizeRequestMode::HeightForWidth mode: First, the default minimum and natural width for each widget in the interface will be computed using WidgetExt::preferred_width(). Because the preferred widths for each container depend on the preferred widths of their children, this information propagates up the hierarchy, and finally a minimum and natural width is determined for the entire toplevel. Next, the toplevel will use the minimum width to query for the minimum height contextual to that width using WidgetExt::preferred_height_for_width(), which will also be a highly recursive operation. The minimum height for the minimum width is normally used to set the minimum size constraint on the toplevel (unless GtkWindowExt::set_geometry_hints() is explicitly used instead).

After the toplevel window has initially requested its size in both dimensions it can go on to allocate itself a reasonable size (or a size previously specified with GtkWindowExt::set_default_size()). During the recursive allocation process it’s important to note that request cycles will be recursively executed while container widgets allocate their children. Each container widget, once allocated a size, will go on to first share the space in one orientation among its children and then request each child’s height for its target allocated width or its width for allocated height, depending. In this way a Widget will typically be requested its size a number of times before actually being allocated a size. The size a widget is finally allocated can of course differ from the size it has requested. For this reason, Widget caches a small number of results to avoid re-querying for the same sizes in one allocation cycle.

See [GtkContainer’s geometry management section][container-geometry-management] to learn more about how height-for-width allocations are performed by container widgets.

If a widget does move content around to intelligently use up the allocated size then it must support the request in both GtkSizeRequestModes even if the widget in question only trades sizes in a single orientation.

For instance, a Label that does height-for-width word wrapping will not expect to have GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() called because that call is specific to a width-for-height request. In this case the label must return the height required for its own minimum possible width. By following this rule any widget that handles height-for-width or width-for-height requests will always be allocated at least enough space to fit its own content.

Here are some examples of how a SizeRequestMode::HeightForWidth widget generally deals with width-for-height requests, for GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() it will do:

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

static void
foo_widget_get_preferred_height (GtkWidget *widget,
                                 gint *min_height,
                                 gint *nat_height)
{
   if (i_am_in_height_for_width_mode)
     {
       gint min_width, nat_width;

       GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS (widget)->get_preferred_width (widget,
                                                           &min_width,
                                                           &nat_width);
       GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS (widget)->get_preferred_height_for_width
                                                          (widget,
                                                           min_width,
                                                           min_height,
                                                           nat_height);
     }
   else
     {
        ... some widgets do both. For instance, if a GtkLabel is
        rotated to 90 degrees it will return the minimum and
        natural height for the rotated label here.
     }
}

And in GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_width_for_height() it will simply return the minimum and natural width:

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

static void
foo_widget_get_preferred_width_for_height (GtkWidget *widget,
                                           gint for_height,
                                           gint *min_width,
                                           gint *nat_width)
{
   if (i_am_in_height_for_width_mode)
     {
       GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS (widget)->get_preferred_width (widget,
                                                           min_width,
                                                           nat_width);
     }
   else
     {
        ... again if a widget is sometimes operating in
        width-for-height mode (like a rotated GtkLabel) it can go
        ahead and do its real width for height calculation here.
     }
}

Often a widget needs to get its own request during size request or allocation. For example, when computing height it may need to also compute width. Or when deciding how to use an allocation, the widget may need to know its natural size. In these cases, the widget should be careful to call its virtual methods directly, like this:

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

GTK_WIDGET_GET_CLASS(widget)->get_preferred_width (widget,
                                                   &min,
                                                   &natural);

It will not work to use the wrapper functions, such as WidgetExt::preferred_width() inside your own size request implementation. These return a request adjusted by SizeGroup and by the GtkWidgetClass.adjust_size_request() virtual method. If a widget used the wrappers inside its virtual method implementations, then the adjustments (such as widget margins) would be applied twice. GTK+ therefore does not allow this and will warn if you try to do it.

Of course if you are getting the size request for another widget, such as a child of a container, you must use the wrapper APIs. Otherwise, you would not properly consider widget margins, SizeGroup, and so forth.

Since 3.10 GTK+ also supports baseline vertical alignment of widgets. This means that widgets are positioned such that the typographical baseline of widgets in the same row are aligned. This happens if a widget supports baselines, has a vertical alignment of Align::Baseline, and is inside a container that supports baselines and has a natural “row” that it aligns to the baseline, or a baseline assigned to it by the grandparent.

Baseline alignment support for a widget is done by the GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_and_baseline_for_width() virtual function. It allows you to report a baseline in combination with the minimum and natural height. If there is no baseline you can return -1 to indicate this. The default implementation of this virtual function calls into the GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height() and GtkWidgetClass.get_preferred_height_for_width(), so if baselines are not supported it doesn’t need to be implemented.

If a widget ends up baseline aligned it will be allocated all the space in the parent as if it was Align::Fill, but the selected baseline can be found via WidgetExt::allocated_baseline(). If this has a value other than -1 you need to align the widget such that the baseline appears at the position.

Style Properties

Widget introduces “style properties” - these are basically object properties that are stored not on the object, but in the style object associated to the widget. Style properties are set in [resource files][gtk3-Resource-Files]. This mechanism is used for configuring such things as the location of the scrollbar arrows through the theme, giving theme authors more control over the look of applications without the need to write a theme engine in C.

Use gtk_widget_class_install_style_property() to install style properties for a widget class, gtk_widget_class_find_style_property() or gtk_widget_class_list_style_properties() to get information about existing style properties and WidgetExt::style_get_property(), gtk_widget_style_get() or gtk_widget_style_get_valist() to obtain the value of a style property.

GtkWidget as GtkBuildable

The GtkWidget implementation of the GtkBuildable interface supports a custom <accelerator> element, which has attributes named ”key”, ”modifiers” and ”signal” and allows to specify accelerators.

An example of a UI definition fragment specifying an accelerator:

⚠️ The following code is in xml ⚠️

<object class="GtkButton">
  <accelerator key="q" modifiers="GDK_CONTROL_MASK" signal="clicked"/>
</object>

In addition to accelerators, GtkWidget also support a custom <accessible> element, which supports actions and relations. Properties on the accessible implementation of an object can be set by accessing the internal child “accessible” of a Widget.

An example of a UI definition fragment specifying an accessible:

⚠️ The following code is in xml ⚠️

<object class="GtkLabel" id="label1"/>
  <property name="label">I am a Label for a Button</property>
</object>
<object class="GtkButton" id="button1">
  <accessibility>
    <action action_name="click" translatable="yes">Click the button.</action>
    <relation target="label1" type="labelled-by"/>
  </accessibility>
  <child internal-child="accessible">
    <object class="AtkObject" id="a11y-button1">
      <property name="accessible-name">Clickable Button</property>
    </object>
  </child>
</object>

Finally, GtkWidget allows style information such as style classes to be associated with widgets, using the custom <style> element:

⚠️ The following code is in xml ⚠️

<object class="GtkButton" id="button1">
  <style>
    <class name="my-special-button-class"/>
    <class name="dark-button"/>
  </style>
</object>

Building composite widgets from template XML ## {composite-templates}

GtkWidget exposes some facilities to automate the procedure of creating composite widgets using Builder interface description language.

To create composite widgets with Builder XML, one must associate the interface description with the widget class at class initialization time using gtk_widget_class_set_template().

The interface description semantics expected in composite template descriptions is slightly different from regular Builder XML.

Unlike regular interface descriptions, gtk_widget_class_set_template() will expect a <template> tag as a direct child of the toplevel <interface> tag. The <template> tag must specify the “class” attribute which must be the type name of the widget. Optionally, the “parent” attribute may be specified to specify the direct parent type of the widget type, this is ignored by the GtkBuilder but required for Glade to introspect what kind of properties and internal children exist for a given type when the actual type does not exist.

The XML which is contained inside the <template> tag behaves as if it were added to the <object> tag defining “widget” itself. You may set properties on widget by inserting <property> tags into the <template> tag, and also add <child> tags to add children and extend “widget” in the normal way you would with <object> tags.

Additionally, <object> tags can also be added before and after the initial <template> tag in the normal way, allowing one to define auxiliary objects which might be referenced by other widgets declared as children of the <template> tag.

An example of a GtkBuilder Template Definition:

⚠️ The following code is in xml ⚠️

<interface>
  <template class="FooWidget" parent="GtkBox">
    <property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</property>
    <property name="spacing">4</property>
    <child>
      <object class="GtkButton" id="hello_button">
        <property name="label">Hello World</property>
        <signal name="clicked" handler="hello_button_clicked" object="FooWidget" swapped="yes"/>
      </object>
    </child>
    <child>
      <object class="GtkButton" id="goodbye_button">
        <property name="label">Goodbye World</property>
      </object>
    </child>
  </template>
</interface>

Typically, you’ll place the template fragment into a file that is bundled with your project, using GResource. In order to load the template, you need to call gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource() from the class initialization of your Widget type:

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

static void
foo_widget_class_init (FooWidgetClass *klass)
{
  // ...

  gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass),
                                               "/com/example/ui/foowidget.ui");
}

You will also need to call WidgetExt::init_template() from the instance initialization function:

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

static void
foo_widget_init (FooWidget *self)
{
  // ...
  gtk_widget_init_template (GTK_WIDGET (self));
}

You can access widgets defined in the template using the WidgetExt::template_child() function, but you will typically declare a pointer in the instance private data structure of your type using the same name as the widget in the template definition, and call gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child_private() with that name, e.g.

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

typedef struct {
  GtkWidget *hello_button;
  GtkWidget *goodbye_button;
} FooWidgetPrivate;

G_DEFINE_TYPE_WITH_PRIVATE (FooWidget, foo_widget, GTK_TYPE_BOX)

static void
foo_widget_class_init (FooWidgetClass *klass)
{
  // ...
  gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass),
                                               "/com/example/ui/foowidget.ui");
  gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child_private (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass),
                                                FooWidget, hello_button);
  gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child_private (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass),
                                                FooWidget, goodbye_button);
}

static void
foo_widget_init (FooWidget *widget)
{

}

You can also use gtk_widget_class_bind_template_callback() to connect a signal callback defined in the template with a function visible in the scope of the class, e.g.

⚠️ The following code is in C ⚠️

// the signal handler has the instance and user data swapped
// because of the swapped="yes" attribute in the template XML
static void
hello_button_clicked (FooWidget *self,
                      GtkButton *button)
{
  g_print ("Hello, world!\n");
}

static void
foo_widget_class_init (FooWidgetClass *klass)
{
  // ...
  gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass),
                                               "/com/example/ui/foowidget.ui");
  gtk_widget_class_bind_template_callback (GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass), hello_button_clicked);
}

This is an Abstract Base Class, you cannot instantiate it.

Implements

WidgetExt, glib::ObjectExt, BuildableExt, WidgetExtManual, BuildableExtManual

Implementations

Obtains the current default reading direction. See set_default_direction().

Returns

the current default direction.

Sets the default reading direction for widgets where the direction has not been explicitly set by WidgetExt::set_direction().

dir

the new default direction. This cannot be TextDirection::None.

Trait Implementations

Returns a copy of the value. Read more

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

Feeds this value into the given Hasher. Read more

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher. Read more

Override the virtual methods of this class for the given subclass and do other class initialization. Read more

Instance specific initialization. Read more

This method returns an Ordering between self and other. Read more

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==. Read more

This method tests for !=.

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more

Returns the type identifier of Self.

Auto Trait Implementations

Blanket Implementations

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

Upcasts an object to a superclass or interface T. Read more

Upcasts an object to a reference of its superclass or interface T. Read more

Tries to downcast to a subclass or interface implementor T. Read more

Tries to downcast to a reference of its subclass or interface implementor T. Read more

Tries to cast to an object of type T. This handles upcasting, downcasting and casting between interface and interface implementors. All checks are performed at runtime, while downcast and upcast will do many checks at compile-time already. Read more

Tries to cast to reference to an object of type T. This handles upcasting, downcasting and casting between interface and interface implementors. All checks are performed at runtime, while downcast and upcast will do many checks at compile-time already. Read more

Casts to T unconditionally. Read more

Casts to &T unconditionally. Read more

Returns the argument unchanged.

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

Returns true if the object is an instance of (can be cast to) T.

Returns the type of the object.

Returns the ObjectClass of the object. Read more

Returns the class of the object.

Returns the class of the object in the given type T. Read more

Returns the interface T of the object. Read more

Similar to Self::set_property but fails instead of panicking.

Sets the property property_name of the object to value value. Read more

Similar to Self::set_property but fails instead of panicking.

Sets the property property_name of the object to value value. Read more

Similar to Self::set_properties but fails instead of panicking.

Sets multiple properties of the object at once. Read more

Similar to Self::set_properties_from_value but fails instead of panicking.

Sets multiple properties of the object at once. Read more

Similar to Self::property but fails instead of panicking.

Gets the property property_name of the object and cast it to the type V. Read more

Similar to Self::property_value but fails instead of panicking.

Gets the property property_name of the object. Read more

Check if the object has a property property_name of the given type_. Read more

Get the type of the property property_name of this object. Read more

Get the ParamSpec of the property property_name of this object.

Return all ParamSpec of the properties of this object.

Freeze all property notifications until the return guard object is dropped. Read more

Set arbitrary data on this object with the given key. Read more

Return previously set arbitrary data of this object with the given key. Read more

Retrieve previously set arbitrary data of this object with the given key. Read more

Set arbitrary data on this object with the given key. Read more

Return previously set arbitrary data of this object with the given key. Read more

Retrieve previously set arbitrary data of this object with the given key. Read more

Block a given signal handler. Read more

Unblock a given signal handler.

Stop emission of the currently emitted signal.

Stop emission of the currently emitted signal by the (possibly detailed) signal name.

Similar to Self::connect but fails instead of panicking.

Connect to the signal signal_name on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_id but fails instead of panicking.

Connect to the signal signal_id on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_local but fails instead of panicking.

Connect to the signal signal_name on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_local_id but fails instead of panicking.

Connect to the signal signal_id on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_unsafe but fails instead of panicking.

Connect to the signal signal_name on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_unsafe_id but fails instead of panicking.

Similar to Self::connect_closure but fails instead of panicking.

Connect a closure to the signal signal_name on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::connect_closure_id but fails instead of panicking.

Connect a closure to the signal signal_id on this object. Read more

Limits the lifetime of closure to the lifetime of the object. When the object’s reference count drops to zero, the closure will be invalidated. An invalidated closure will ignore any calls to Closure::invoke. Read more

Connect to the signal signal_id on this object. Read more

Similar to Self::emit but fails instead of panicking.

Emit signal by signal id. Read more

Similar to Self::emit_with_values but fails instead of panicking.

Same as Self::emit but takes Value for the arguments.

Similar to Self::emit_by_name but fails instead of panicking.

Emit signal by its name. Read more

Similar to Self::emit_by_name_with_values but fails instead of panicking.

Emit signal by its name. Read more

Similar to Self::emit_with_details but fails instead of panicking.

Emit signal by signal id with details. Read more

Similar to Self::emit_with_details_and_values but fails instead of panicking.

Emit signal by signal id with details. Read more

Disconnect a previously connected signal handler.

Connect to the notify signal of the object. Read more

Connect to the notify signal of the object. Read more

Connect to the notify signal of the object. Read more

Notify that the given property has changed its value. Read more

Notify that the given property has changed its value. Read more

Downgrade this object to a weak reference.

Bind property source_property on this object to the target_property on the target object. Read more

Returns the strong reference count of this object.

Ensures that the type has been registered with the type system.

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (toowned_clone_into)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more

Converts the given value to a String. Read more

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

Performs the conversion.